Legalization of Drugs Argument Essay -- Drug Prohibition Regulation Le

Authorization of Drugs Argument Man, as an animal, is inalienably exhausted. Since the beginning of time, it has been the regular impulse of man to discover elective techniques to improve his being. The numerous methods by which man has gone to incorporate sex, betting, and the utilization of substances past the prerequisites of nourishment. The utilization of substances can be additionally separated into legitimate and illicit substances. The question at that point becomes, who are we to put marks on specific substances by considering them legitimate and restrict others by making punishments for their utilization? The issue of disallowance is surely not another one to our country. In 1919, the eighteenth Amendment disallowed the assembling, deal or transportation of alcoholic drinks. Out of nowhere genuine, dependable Americans who simply needed a beverage, were transformed into hoodlums. Decent bars turned out to be underground pubs, and real alcohol producers were supplanted by criminal peddlers. Gang fighting, pay off, and crime arrived at a record-breaking high. Norms on illicit liquor were a lot of lower than those on the already lawful liquor which prompted the blinding or demise of numerous shoppers. At long last in 1933, government officials clasped and canceled the eighteenth Amendment. The Prohibition endeavor of the early twentieth century offers the ideal verifiable help for the decriminalization of medications. Forbiddance will work extraordinary injury to the reason for moderation. It is an animal types of lack of restraint inside itself, for it goes past the limits of reason in that it endeavors to control a man's hunger by enactment, and makes a wrongdoing out of things that are not violations. A Prohibition law strikes a blow at the very standards whereupon our administration was established. The ascent in vicious wrongdoing throughout the years has been a worry to most. A significant reason for this expansion in wrongdoing is the illicit dealing of medications. As vicious wrongdoing keeps on expanding, we can't dedicate our budgetary assets and time into forestalling and indicting the individuals who carry out wrongdoings, for example, murder, assault, and attack. The explanation we can't dedicate these assets where they are required is on the grounds that we are absurdly spending them on a fight that we can't win-the War on Drugs. Before Ronald Reagan's War on Drugs, America's crime percentage had been declining. Since the presentation of the new wave sedate... ...cal use. Exploration would likewise be empowered as researchers could look for new and commonsense employments of medications. There are numerous superb employments of drugs that have not yet been recognized or consummated and with extended examination, we could find these additional opportunities. Obviously, a few limitations would need to be set. Likely, an age limitation would need to be embraced. Limiting the utilization of medications to grown-ups just, and teaching the young people of the potential threats should help control juvenile maltreatment. Forbidding acts, for example, driving a vehicle affected by a brain modifying substance would similarly be fundamental. Another need would be the obliteration of every one of those with earlier criminal records because of the capture or conviction on tranquilize related charges. Obviously, the privilege of the non-smoker would must be vital. In an open office, non-smoking regions would need to be set up. An arrangement of medication guideline that would incorporate the above arrangements, open wellbeing and horticultural guidelines, and a type of tax assessment would dishearten misuse, ensure general wellbeing and security, decrease wrongdoing, and raise income. Guideline is the inescapable substitution of denial.

China Economy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

China Economy - Coursework Example The portion of China of all out amassed FDI stock in Asia nearly significantly increased inside 20 years for example from 6% in 1990 †15% in 2010. Cash fortifying against the US dollar-the Chinese RMB has consistently refreshing against US dollar from8.27 in 2005 to 6.41 in 2011. The nation despite everything keeps on running exchange surplus just as amassing remote stores. Its strain to welcome the money despite everything stays solid (Tong and Wong, 2012). The explanation with respect to why there was no modern unrest in China is that the dealers just as assessment authorities made a market just for sumptuous purchaser merchandise as opposed to putting resources into new advancements. â€Å"They could utilize their overflow cash-flow to broaden credit at high financing costs or to run second hand stores, yet they neglected to put resources into new advancements that would spike mechanical revolution† (133). At the point when Europe assembled present day foundation inside Chinese arrangement ports, it didn't start mechanical insurgency since ventures were not many (Tong and Wong, 2012). Social Revolution was a significant downside since it cost China financial issues. â€Å"Though it came about to long haul monetary harm to government organization and industrial facility the executives just as the country’s training system† (Tong and Wong, 2012). 4. China embraced an open-finished methodology towards its financial change process since it didn't have any books to assist them with learning the method of un-arranging, consequently they required something with no diagram or nitty gritty plans. China decided in the first place Agriculture change step taken by china to begin monetary change, which they did through organizing family obligation framework. They picked farming because that notwithstanding the experimentation change procedure having function admirably during the main stages, basic microeconomic proportions of changes neglected to loan themselves viably to the gradualist strategy through experimentation. A portion of these change estimates included tax assessment,

Interagency Intelligent Mangement an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Interagency Intelligent Mangement by Expert Tutor Maya | 21 Dec 2016 Presentation: The harmony and request in the nation is one of the primary errands that most organizations should adapt to. In the event that one might want to live calmly in a specific spot there must be a legitimate gaze upward on how the spot looks and to see the condition as far as harmony and request. How might one live cheerfully and efficient if there was an issue of harmony and request itself in the network. So to guarantee that the network to live with, one should make sure that the spot has a decent laws and strategies that cooks those harmony and request issue. Need exposition test on Interagency Intelligent Mangement theme? We will compose a custom exposition test explicitly for you Continue This paper covers the capacity of the state to ensure the harmony and request preceding the danger of the individuals living. Assignment to conceal would be approaches and laws thwart the best to ensure the condition of the country harmony and request. Like for example, team is one organization to consider that emphasis on interagency keen administration. The nearby, state, government and military working insight will be one to be analyzed. How does the accompanying office make their laws and strategies add to the harmony and request of the nation. This examination out perspectives will talk about how interagency team address to the new dangers in harmony and request that was occur in state under the dangers of terrible components of the general public. Along these lines the team like FBI will have proceeds onward how was the issue is process under their care. Additionally, taking a gander at the state reaction like USA to the national security framework about dangers of psychological warfare. Its nearby state in a specific network where assaults occur, that is, look at the moves done by neighborhood and the state reaction to the harmony and request issue experience. Likewise, talking about government the board reaction to the harmony and request issue will be examined preceding approaches and laws followed so as to take care of this harmony and request issue. Polices will be inspect as it is actualized to adapt up to take care of the difficult which has been confronted. In like manner, the distinctive guard framework in USA, t he military team that is attempting to apply the monster exertion they can do so as to handle all the dangers by psychological warfare assaults. Taking into accounts the USA aviation based armed forces sees on to take care of the harmony and request issue. Body of the Paper: One of the organizations to take into accounts is the FBI or the government authority of examination, United State branch of equity, and the bureaucratic analytical office. It has its own capacity that will research infringement to the government laws like incendiary acts, for example, psychological oppression, assaults of terrible components in the general public. One of the examinations introduced on how FBI functions in like manner to reacts fear based oppression assaults. The FBI has made an interagency team to arrange knowledge and field activities because of data that al Qaeda intends to assault the United States inside a couple of months, Attorney General John Ashcroft said Wednesday (Strohm, Chris. Interagency team to address new dread dangers.). This making of FBI is one of the exercises that is consequently will reply to take care of issue of fear based oppression if not the best but rather at any rate activity has been made to experience the arrangement on how this psychological warfare assaults be forestalled. Quite the examinations goes in it making a move like in light of the frequency that of the railroad bombings that had occur. The FBI was attempting to partner on how it is forestalled on whenever to happen this railroad shelling to happen. That was occur since it was the on the beginning of political race and that fear monger against the administration political decision will attempt to indicated their dissatisfaction that is the reason assaults in railroads had occur. These awful components ought to be stop and FBI make a move on the best way to forestall different occasions for those terrible components to assault once more. So the partner made by the FBI is to guarantee the national security of the government state. Since it was at that point found that a major percent of fear monger assault had just seen to occur so FBI launce the offices to partner and stop the more assaults to come soon in the pace which were particularly influenced on that episodes. That is the reason the FBI set up danger team. As a matter of fact its is a national security protection that is pronounced in the exceptional occasions in the state like summer occasions, and prominent occasions in fall where individuals are so concern this days and even the vast majority assembled. So the FBI firmly inspected what is conceivable answer for experience those assaults occur. The reacts of the unified state to those dangers like fear mongering assaults or the capacity of the assembled state to forestall in whatever activities to do by the legislature so as to stop or forestall psychological oppression is one of the test to the administration to defeat the answer for as well as can be expected do. The arrangement made by the administrative state like executing approaches, for example, offices that realizes those strategies in order to actualize the best security policies.To guarantee this strategy is actualized in an organized way, the Concept of Operations Plan, in the future alluded to as the CONPLAN, is intended to give generally direction to Federal, State and neighborhood organizations concerning how the Federal government would react to a potential or real psychological militant risk or episode that happens in the United States, especially one including WMD (Study taken from Introduction and foundation. http: www.fas.org). Branch of equity or FBI as it is usually known to be. The following are offices conceivable to guarantee the national security power in joined state also. Additionally notice obligations and duties the organizations forced to guarantee harmony and request likewise: 1. Division of Justice (DOJ) Government Bureau of Investigation (FBI) The Attorney General is answerable for guaranteeing the turn of events and execution of approaches coordinated at forestalling psychological militant assaults locally, and will embrace the criminal arraignment of these demonstrations of fear mongering that abuse U.S. law. DOJ has accused the FBI of execution of its LFA duties regarding the administration of a Federal reaction to psychological militant dangers or episodes that occur inside U.S. domain or those happening in universal waters that don't include the banner vessel of a remote nation. As the lead office for emergency the board, the FBI will execute a Federal emergency the executives reaction. As LFA, the FBI will assign a Federal on-scene officer to guarantee fitting coordination of the general United States Government reaction with Federal, State and neighborhood specialists until such time as the Attorney General exchanges the general LFA job to FEMA. The FBI, with proper endorsement, will frame and organize the arrangement of a Domestic Emergency Support Team (DEST) with different offices, when fitting, and look for suitable Federal help dependent on the idea of the circumstance. 2. Government Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) As the lead office for result the board, FEMA will oversee and facilitate any Federal outcome the executives reaction on the side of State and nearby governments as per its legal specialists. Also, FEMA will assign suitable contact and warning staff for the FBI's Strategic Information and Operations Center (SIOC) and arrangement with the DEST, the Joint Operations Center (JOC), and the Joint Information Center (JIC). 3. Division of Defense (DOD) DOD fills in as a help office to the FBI for emergency the executives capacities, including specialized tasks, and a help office to FEMA for result the board. As per DOD Directives 3025.15 and 2000.12 and the Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff CONPLAN 0300-97, and upon endorsement by the Secretary of Defense, DOD will give help to the LFA as well as the CONPLAN essential offices, as suitable, during all parts of a fear based oppressor episode, including both emergency and outcome management.DOD help incorporates risk evaluation; DEST investment and transportation; specialized counsel; operational help; strategic help; support for common aggravations; guardianship, transportation and removal of a WMD gadget; and different abilities including alleviation of the results of a discharge. DOD has numerous one of a kind capacities for managing a WMD and battling psychological warfare, for example, the US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Technical Escort Unit, and US Marine Corps Chemical Biological Incident Response Force. These and other DOD resources might be utilized in reacting to a psychological militant episode whenever mentioned by the LFA and endorsed by the Secretary of Defense. 4. Branch of Energy (DOE) DOE fills in as a help organization to the FBI for specialized tasks and a help office to FEMA for outcome the board. DOE gives logical specialized faculty and hardware on the side of the LFA during all parts of an atomic/radiological WMD psychological oppressor occurrence. DOE help can bolster both emergency and outcome the board exercises with abilities, for example, danger evaluation, DEST arrangement, LFA warning prerequisites, specialized guidance, anticipated demonstrating forecasts, and operational help to incorporate direct help of strategic activities. Deployable DOE logical specialized help and backing incorporates capacities, for example, search tasks; get to activities; symptomatic and gadget evaluation; radiological appraisal and observing; distinguishing proof of material; advancement of Federal defensive activity proposals; arrangement of data on the radiological reaction; render safe activities; risks appraisal; control, movement and capacity of exceptional atomic material proof; post-episode tidy up; and on location the executives and radiological evaluation to people in general, the White

A Key Figure Of Benjamin Franklin - Free Essay Example

This paper will examine four main things Benjamin Franklin contributed in making America what it is today. First it will explain the great voyage he took in discovering America. Secondly, it will explain the treaties he signed to give America its independence. Thirdly it will go more into details about his discovery of electricity. Lastly his printing business and how it affected America. America was founded by Benjamin Franklin in in 1748, Franklin, had broadened his printing business all through the settlements and wind up sufficiently effective to quit working. Retirement enabled him to focus on open administration and furthermore seek after more completely his long-lasting enthusiasm for science. During the 1740s, he directed investigations that added to the comprehension of power, and developed the lightning pole, which shielded structures from flames caused by lightning. In 1752, he directed his celebrated kite test and shown that lightning is power. His thought was about electricity and lightning. Franklin saw a few likenesses between the two: They both made light, made noisy accidents when they detonated, were pulled in to metal, had a specific smell, and thats only the tip of the iceberg. In view of these perceptions, Franklin thought power and lightning were a similar thing. A couple of individuals shared his conviction, yet nobody had ever tried it. Frankl in additionally instituted various power related terms, including battery, charge and conductor. Notwithstanding power, Franklin examined various points, including sea flows, meteorology, reasons for the normal chilly and refrigeration. He built up the Franklin stove, which given more warmth while utilizing less fuel than different stoves, and bifocal eyeglasses, which consider separation and perusing use. In the mid-1760s, Franklin developed a melodic instrument called the glass armonica. Writers, for example, Ludwig Beethoven (1770-1827) and Wolfgang Mozart (1756-91) composed music for Franklins armonica; be that as it may, by the early piece of the nineteenth century, the once-well known instrument had dropped out of utilization. In 1754, at a gathering of frontier agents in Albany, New York, Franklin proposed an arrangement for joining the settlements under a national congress. Although his Albany Plan was rejected, it helped lay the preparation for the Articles of Confederation, which turned into the principal constitution of the Unified States when confirmed in 1781. In 1757, Franklin made a trip to London as a delegate of the Pennsylvania Get together, to which he was chosen in 1751. More than quite a long while, he attempted to settle a duty question and different issues including relatives of William Penn (1644-1718), the proprietors of the province of Pennsylvania. After a concise period back in the U.S., Franklin lived fundamentally in London until 1775. While he was abroad, the English government started, in the mid-1760s, to force a progression of administrative measures to declare more prominent command over its American states. In 1766, Franklin affirmed in the English Parliament against the Stamp Demonstration of 1765, which necessitated that every single authoritative record, daily papers, books, playing cards and other written words in the American provinces convey an assessment stamp. Even though the Stamp Demonstration was canceled in 1766, extra administrative measures pursued, prompting regularly expanding enemy of English estimat ion and possible equipped uprising by the American settlers. Franklin came back to Philadelphia in May 1775, not long after the Progressive War (1775-83) had started and was chosen to fill in as a representative to the Second Mainland Congress, Americas administering body at the time. In 1776, he was a piece of the five-part advisory group that helped draft the Presentation of Autonomy, in which the 13 American settlements pronounced their opportunity from English guideline. That equivalent year, Congress sent Franklin to France to enroll that countrys assistance with the Progressive War. In February 1778, the French marked a military partnership with America and proceeded to give fighters, supplies and cash that demonstrated basic to Americas triumph in the war. As clergyman to France beginning in 1778, Franklin arranged and draft the 1783 Bargain of Paris that finished the Progressive War. As Franklinrs printing business prospered, he became increasingly involved in civic affairs. Starting in the 1730s, he helped establish a number of community organizations in Philadelphia, including a lending library (it was founded in 1731, a time when books werent widely available in the colonies, and remained the largest U.S. public library until the 1850s), the cityrs first fire company, a police patrol and the American Philosophical Society, a group devoted to the sciences and other scholarly pursuits. Franklin also organized the Pennsylvania militia, raised funds to build a city hospital and spearheaded a program to pave and light city streets. Additionally, Franklin was instrumental in the creation of the Academy of Philadelphia, a college which opened in 1751 and became known as the University of Pennsylvania in 1791. Franklin also was a key figure in the colonial postal system. In 1737, the British appointed him postmaster of Philadelphia, and he went on to become, in 1753, joint postmaster general for all the American colonies. In this role he instituted various measures to improve mail service; however, the British dismissed him from the job in 1774 because he was deemed too sympathetic to colonial interests. In July 1775, the Continental Congress appointed Franklin the first postmaster general of the United States, giving him authority over all post offices from Massachusetts to Georgia. He held this position until November 1776, when he was succeeded by his son-in-law. (The first U.S. postage stamps, issued on July 1, 1847, featured images of Benjamin Franklin and George Washington.) Benjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706 to April 17, 1790) was an Establishing Father and a polymath, designer, researcher, printer, government official, freemason and negotiator. Franklin drafted the Statement of Autonomy and the U.S. Constitution, and he arranged the 1783 Bargain of Paris finishing the Progressive War. His logical interests included examinations concerning power, arithmetic and mapmaking. An essayist known for his mind and astuteness, Franklin additionally distributed Poor Richards Chronological registry, created bifocal glasses and sorted out the primary fruitful American loaning library.

Customer Loyalty Towards E Shopping Websites Essay

The key objective of the study about was to analyses the customer loyalty towards e-shopping websites. From this study apart from customer loyalty various other important key findings were also found. When it comes to customer retention whether its brick and mortar or through online medium the 3 major and key areas that has to be concentrated by anybody who is involved in this business are 1. Delivery of the product 2. Performance of the product 3. Post purchase service and being responsive to the customer’s request and queries on time. These are the standard requirements for any business to run better. But in case of e-commerce industry the issue become how to use technology to improve the service in order to retain the customer create awareness in rural market as well and in turn increase the revenue. When it comes to online purchase it’s still about earning the trust of right kind of customers. Firms must be able to deliver the superior experience that will attract the customer. Though there are various techniques to analyze the patter of customer behavior but still the exact ways to analyze the key factors for attaining the customer purchasing behavior over online platform especially on life style products is still an exploration that is being done by almost every e-shopping website. Though the study was restricted to a very limited demography still the results from the respondents proves to be a big alarming issue for all the e-shopping websites. The studyShow MoreRelatedHow Website Design Influences Cus tomers Purchase Intentions1352 Words   |  6 PagesHow Website Design Influences Customers’ Purchase Intentions Along with the rapid development of and people’s reliance on Internet, online retailing has become an essential way for retailers to sell their products to customers (Yulin et al. 2014). 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Breast Cancer A Major Public Health Concern Among Women

Today a major public health concern amongst women is cancer. Breast cancer is the most common as it affects one in eight women in America, and is also socialized through media more than any other cancerous disease. Uterine cancer accounts for the majority of gynecologic cancer in women but another cancer is known as the â€Å"silent killer†. According to the American Cancer Society, ovarian cancer causes more cancer deaths in women than any other cancer of the reproductive system. Ovarian cancer kills two out of three women diagnosed in America and rates have not changed in 30 years (Burges). Although ovarian cancer show more symptoms than any other gynecological cancer, it continues to be a top cancer killer in women, which result from a lack†¦show more content†¦Stromal tumors appear in more than half of women fifty years or older, and about five percent in young girls (Burges). Germ cell tumors usually grow in the ova (Rooth), most are benign or superficial, but sa me are cancerous and may be dangerous. These types of tumors have several adherent types of tumors, common ones are teratomas, dysgerminomas and endordermal sinus tumors. While Germ cell tumors meet less than two percent of ovarian cancers they predominately have good outcomes with more than nine out of ten women surviving at least five years after conclusion. According to lead nurse Carolyn Rooth, the majority of ovarian malignancies (approximately 50-60%) are serous carcinomas with epithelial origins (S24). Benign epithelial ovarian tumors do not spread and for the most part do not lead to serious illness. LMP or low malignant potential tumors can be viewed under the microscope can show that they are not cancerous. These borderline cancers are unlike typical ovarian cancers because they do not branch out into the ovarian stroma, also known as supporting tissues (Wolfe). Epithelial tumors that are known to be cancerous are malignant tumors. Carcinomas are cancerous epithelial tumors that register about 85% to 90% of all ovarian tumors (Budden). When this types of tumor is viewed under the microscope it can show different features and that

South Delaware Coors Inc free essay sample

Provides information relative to competition in the market area. f. Industry Composite Financial Statements for Fiscal Year 1986. i. Provide financial information on the industry being considered (i. e. turnovers, margins and returns and the like) ii. Information is from fiscal year 1986. Year in consideration is 1989. Other factors may have changed over time. g. Consumer Study i. Provides general information on consumer preferences and attitude towards the product. h. Retailer Study i. Provide information on retailers’ preferences and willingness to sell the product. i. Provides information on availability of substitute brands. i. Wholesale and Retail Beer Prices i. Provides information on prices charged by wholesalers to retailers. ii. Provides information on prices charged by retailers to end consumers. 3. Industry Attractiveness. The overall profitability of the industry. Alternative Courses of Action 1. Estimate market demand and forecast potential margin derived from the project. In this alternative, Larry will have to request John to perform studies A, B, C and I. We will write a custom essay sample on South Delaware Coors Inc or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first three studies will help Larry estimate Coors market demand while study I will help him identify the relative wholesale price of beer in Delaware. With this information, Larry can estimate the potential margin he can derive considering the rough estimates of expenses he has identified in engaging the project. Larry however, will have to assume risks by relying on the estimates alone. Nevertheless, he can always validate the outcome of the studies by letting John deliver study G thereby allowing him to have idea on (beer) consumer preferences in Delaware.If results of study G suggests favorable attitude of consumers towards the product, Larry will be more confident to engage the project. 2. Utilize composite indexes and validate using consumer preferences in Delaware. This alternative will require studies F and G. By studying industry averages, Larry will have an overview on inventory turnovers, asset turnovers, return on equity and all other ratios relevant to identify how feasible the industry is. Of course Larry will have better appreciation if he will relate these quantitative measures with qualitative implications uch as consumer preferences. The ratios derived from industry averages will not be necessarily true especially if consumer preferences in Delaware are not favorable to Coors. 3. Analyze industry and engage if feasible. This alternative will require Larry to understand its customer, supplier, the extent of competition and other threats pertinent to the industry. To understand its customer, Larry can utilize study H. Since Larry’s business will be most likely engaged in wholesale activities, majority of his customers will be the retailers who sell the product to the end users.Larry will need to understand his customers’ preferences and attitude towards the product. Satisfying these preferences will help him play in a better position in the industry. Study H will also provide him information on the potential competition he may have to face. The information on the extent to which retailers hold on to other brands will help Larry strategize logistics/distribution especially that substitute products are readily available. Study D will also give implication on how profitable the industry is.The number and type of beer licenses operating in the market provides indication on how large competition will be if the industry/project is engaged. Study I will also be helpful for Larry to have an idea on how he will position his company when it comes to pricing. Recommendation A combination of alternatives 2 and 3 is recommended. While all alternatives consider consumer preferences and attitude towards the product, alternative 2 and 3 puts emphasis on analyzing the industry to determine if it is feasible/profitable or not.

Repentance in Islam free essay sample

The second is an act of the body, to bring up some good deeds, starting two cycles of prayer of repentance. First: Make du3aa for yourself to make your heart purified from all sins you have committed. Because everyone commits sins and nobody can deny that. Make your intention not to do that sin again. Second: Offer two rak’ats of prayer. Performs them in full presence of mind and heart. Commit no mistake within the prayers. Does not speak to himself within them. Recite the prayer-words in them well and in humility. Then seeks Allah’s forgiveness. Results: -Your past sins are forgiven. -You are assured Paradise. Abu Sai’d Alkhudri reported: Prophet of Allah said: There was a man from among a nation before you who killed 99 people. He wanted to repent and asked for the most knowledgeable person. He goes to that person and says he killed 99 people; what can I do to repent. We will write a custom essay sample on Repentance in Islam or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The person said there is no way for you to repent. So the man kills him and makes it 100 people. He then asks again for the most knowledgeable person. The people lead him to a monk. The man says he has killed 100 people and what can I do to repent. The monk says go to such a land and join them in worship, this land is an evil place. So he heads toward the good town. He dies on his way. Two angels come down. The angel of mercy says that this person has come with a repenting heart to Allah. The angel of punishment said that this person never did a righteous deed in his life. Another angel comes down and the two angels say he will be the judge between them. He said measure the distance between the two lands. He will be considered belonging to the land he is nearer. They found his body closer to the good town. So the angel of mercy collects his soul. Narrated by Albukhari and Muslim

Essay Sample on American Foreign Policy from 1950 to 1961

Essay Sample on American Foreign Policy from 1950 to 1961 The way leading to Arab-Israeli tension was very complicated. It was the outcome of the old empires decline and the promotion of others. Trying to rephrase the idea of Bruce Robelett Konilholm in his work The origins of the Cold War in the Near East, I could say that the struggle for power in the Arab World as an important forefront in the region, was a contributing factor to the development of the Cold War, since the regions components are bound to each other by physical and abstract realities. I argue that the spiral of conflicting policies between the great powers towards countries of the Northern Tier (1) and Baghdad Pacts (2), as well to others such as Egypt, contributed to the formation of fundamentally confrontational rapport between the United States and the Soviet Union, a rapport outlined in the terms Cold War. Examining it from the post-war great powers point of views, Bruce Kunilholm further shows that this very rapport put an end to the historical rivalries between Britain and Russia over the region and opened the way to new kind of conflicts, their actors are an ideological foundation called the Soviet Union versus the insatiable United States. While continuing this line of thought my area of concern will narrow down to US-Egypts relation up to 1961, the date marking the end of the United Arab Republic (UAR). I will try to answer a central question: How far was the American foreign policy objective in dealing with Cairos file from the early 1950s to 1961? I will try to highlight Eisenhower Doctrine forged Northern Tier: British made alliance gathering Greece. Turkey and Iran. Its main objective was containing the Soviet expansion over the Middle East. Baghdad Pact: It is also called the Central Treaty Organisation or Middle East Treaty Organisation. It was made up of Turkey, Pakistan, and Iran. It was also an anti-Soviet alliance. especially for the Middle East. Bearing in mind Arab cause, I will try to answer if the US was a friend, an enemy or neutral power to Arabs. Since unlike conventional wars, the Cold War has no definite beginning. Important to my cause, I will briefly shed the light on the period covering WWII and its aftermath. My immediate need before answering my central questions is a working definition for both phrases Cold War and Pan-Arabism. Yezid Sayigh and Avi Shlaim generate three principle features to the understanding of the first phrase: bipolarity, nuclear weapons, and ideology. International arena in post WWII was bipolar as, it was determined by two considerable weights; the United States and the Soviet Union. Such a system had resulted in mutual suspicion, antagonism and dividing Europe and much of the world into rival spheres of influences (Sayigh, 1997). Both of them further explain that nuclear weapons generated fear and danger into this system temperate by contrasting policies. What was obvious also is nuclear diplomacy was influencing super powers decision making. Finally they explain that ideological confrontation was an additional feature of the Cold War. It was a mark of loyalty to one of the super powers. Giving the definition of the term Cold War, I will try to depict the meaning of Pan-Arabism. In fact it was Arab nationalistic wave concentrating on two main axes: Arab Unity Project, and freeing Arab World from foreign control in general, and Zionist colonization in particular. It regarded Arabhood as the main stamp. Worth noting is that Pan-Arabism was generated by Ottoman Empire’s oppression against non-Turks subjects, among whom where were Arabs. The coming of Colonel Jamal Abd-Ennasser heading the Free Officers group taking power in Egypt in 1952, gave Pan-Arabism a strong push to the forefront of international arena. Arab determination to eliminate the state of Israel was also engulfing western interest mainly when they closed the communist bloc. Committing itself since the late 1940, in favour of Israels survival, the United States had had to intervene in this confrontation. It had also to save its interest to be lost in the regions turmoil. Therefore, Washington introduced Truman Doctrine and upheld it by Eisenhower one. I will try to more illustrate these guidelines. Meanwhile I will try to answer these questions: If Pan-Arabism was not associated with socialism as many circles described it, would the United States fairly solve Arab problem especially the Arab-Israeli conflict? In other words, if there were no Soviet threat on the region, would America be a fair power in the Middle East? Would it, for example, at least be neutral? Pushing further my idea, if there is no Soviet threat and Israel does not exist, would the US leave the region free in choosing its own agenda and implementing it? Would it respect its sovereignty?

Digestion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Digestion - Essay Example The digestion of carbohydrates starts from the mouth where the teeth and tongue have their specific functions. The teeth are used for the process of grinding the food which helps in splitting down the large carbohydrate molecules into smaller ones known as disaccharides and monosaccharides. Saliva has a special enzyme known as amylase which helps in breaking down the bonds found in the molecule of starch. The carbohydrates then reach the stomach where the process of digestion stops because of the acidic environment found there. These molecules are then pushed into the small intestine where the pancreatic juice neutralizes the hydrochloric acid of the stomach so that the enzymes can work on these molecules. Pancreatic amylase and salivary amylase start working in the small intestine and hydrolyze the large carbohydrate molecules into oligosaccharides. These oligosaccharides are then digested by oligosaccharidases which helps in forming disaccharides. These disaccharides are then diges ted by disaccharidases into basic units which can be then absorbed. Hexoses and pentoses are easily absorbed in the small intestine by the transporters through a symport mechanism. After absorption into the blood stream the carbohydrates are processed in the liver to form glycogen or form glucose from other monosaccharides such as fructose or galactose. The monosaccharides are also used to form the nonessential amino acids inside the body (Ganong 2005) The digestion of the proteins starts in the stomach where the enzyme pepsin works on the proteins to break the peptide linkages formed between amino acids. The low pH in the stomach helps to maintain the functionality of the enzyme pepsin. The remnants of digestion are then moved to the small intestine where pancreatic enzymes act on them. Trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase act on the remnants to digest them further so that they can be absorbed. These enzymes break some of the molecules into the basic units of amino acids. It is throu gh sodium dependent or independent transport mechanisms that the amino acids are transferred into the intestinal lumen. Most of the amino acids are absorbed in duodenum and jejunum whereas only a small amount is absorbed in the ileum. After the absorption the amino acids are moved into the muscle cells or liver where they can be used to form protein or glucose for energy purposes (Ganong 2005) The digestion of lipids starts from the stomach by two enzymes namely lingual lipase and gastric lipase. Gastric lipase is usually inactive under normal conditions but the lingual lipase helps in digesting about 30% of the lipids in the stomach. A major portion of the lipid digestion starts in the duodenum when pancreatic lipase acts on the lipids. This pancreatic lipase helps in forming fatty acids and 2 monoglycerides. Because of the insoluble nature of fats it becomes very difficult for them to cross the luminal membrane of the small intestine. It is here that the role of bile salts comes i nto play when it emulsified the fats into micelles. These micelles then move down the concentration gradient carrying the triglycerides into the enterocytes. After the absorption of fats they are transported to the liver where they are processed to be used by the adipocytes for storage or cardiac muscles for energy (Ganong 2005) Vitamin A, D and B12 are all found in the meal consumed by Jane. The vitamins do not have to be digested in order to get absorbed. Vitamin B 12

Learning Points Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Learning Points - Assignment Example This collectively places the medical practitioner in the best position to note the possible kinds of infections, there causes, and how best to handle it or them. The main purpose for a diagnosis- according to Neal-Boylan (2011) the primary intention for effective diagnosis and treatment of any illness inclusive of the cardio-infections is to decrease the risk factors, which play a part in the progression of the cardiovascular disease as well as heart failure. For this case, the diagnosis is important because it helps the medical professionals and the patients reduce the fear for the reoccurrence of angina, control of diabetes, reduction of blood pressure, and engagement in physical activities among them weight loss. Need for conservation treatment- as per the document by Deming & Riddick-Grisham (2011), conservation treatment is one among the best strategies of disease infection. It includes undertaking all the precautionary medical measures on the verge to ensure a comprehensive treatment of an infection, for this case, angina. Some of the pivotal schemes of conservation treatment for this case include checking of blood sugar four times a day, taking all the medications as prescribed by specialists, and seeking for immediate medical attention in case any reactions occur. Other additional conservation treatment for this case are keeping records of blood sugar, body weight, and blood pressure and presenting them to the concerned practitioners in the consecutive visits of the medical facility. With reference to Bailey & Trybulski (2012), there are a number of prominent features of patient education for clinical case including what they need to avoid and what they ought to embrace in attempts to speed up the healing or treatment process. Some of the main features of patient education for this case include: Embrace the appropriate eating habits, that is as per the

Breach Of Acountability Essay Example for Free

Breach Of Acountability Essay Duties have become a main stay in the interactions of humans over the years. Human interactions have created room for trust, which strengths relationship. On the hand, there could be abuse of this trust in a breach; this does not strengthen, but rather weakens or in any way completely destroy such relationships. Quite a number of organizations have been destroyed because of such collapse of accountability. This has its root in a character deformity that has pervaded every strata of society. It runs through arms of government, their agencies, non-governmental organizations, private industries even to family and day to day human relationships. Therefore, if there are humans with no such respect for integrity and reputation for keeping promises, they are likely going to show their character through a number of antisocial behavior that make lives and property insecure. Such disturbances can not be isolated to any particular organization or a group of people. It represents a society. BREACH OF TRUST IN THE POLICE The Police are an agency of government that deals, in simple terms, with the protection of lives and property within their specified jurisdiction. They maintain law and order in the society. Their work is sustained by government allocation derived party from the citizen’s taxes. This force uses a number of measures in the discharge of duties, including physical and sometimes deadly force. The use of such force is restricted only to situations that warrant them. Besides, for an effective police force, citizens and police officers have to work hand in hand in stemming the tide of criminal activities in the society. This requires substantial accountability from both sides, especially the force. The privilege that the Police enjoy on the nature of their can actually be misused: this raises legitimate and expected concern. The extension of character defiance in the society has also permeated the force, as there have now been reported cases of Police brutality towards the harmless populace. Quite a number of such cases have been reported; these usually have inherent root in societal menace, particularly racism. Of such cases are the recorded beating of Rodney King by four police men in Los Angeles in 1992; these men were charged to court and were acquitted of the charges. The verdict caused uproar in the area. The argument of the police towards such abuse of power is that such was necessary for the situation in order to effectively law and order. THE GUINEAN DIALLO’S CASE A classical example of police brutality is that of the 27-year old Guinean Merchant, Amadou Diallo who was killed by four New York City police men like a criminal facing a firing squad. The ugly incident took place on February 4, 1999 when the promising young man was fired 41 shots in which 19 entered him. Diallo was returning home the night of the catastrophe when an unmarked car parked close to him, and from it emerged four white policemen. He was then questioned, and they reported that he refused to answer their questions. Diallo then reached for his pocket; one of them thought he wanted to bring out a gun. He shouted and they started firing the West African ceaselessly. He eventually collapsed at the door of his apartment drenched in his own cold blood. His hand aimed at a purse, and not a gun. STRUGGLE AGAINST POLICE BRUTALITY Then the struggle against Police brutality and breach of accountability began with many high placed blacks rising up to the occasion to defend the rights t life of the harmless young man killed for ‘ no obvious reason’ other than racism and intolerance. Diallo began the martyr for the struggle against reforms in Police methods and investigations in the city and other parts of the country. His death shocked the nations, and ignited many protests and criticisms of the Police. The Four white Policemen, namely Sean Caroll, Edward McMellan, Kenneth Boss and Richard Murphy, were charged to court. The trial began on February 2, 200 almost a year after the incident. On the 25th of the same month, these men were discharged and acquitted of all charges. The verdict sparked up series of demonstrations and protests led by the Clergyman, Rev. Al Sharpton. Other black leaders joined in the struggle for justice in this case. Critics of the judgment pointed out the failure of cross examination by the district attorney and introduction of racial factor that beamed brightly in the killing. Besides, In April 2000, Diallo’s family filed a $61million suit against New York City and the four police officers indicted; they demanded for one million per bullet shot and the remaining $20 million for the agony inflicted on the family by virtue of loss of Amadou Diallo. POLICE REFORMS The underlying issue in this killing is the racial factor that was obvious. Quite a number of similar killings have been reported. It is important to reiterate the fact that such killings show a vivid picture of the state of the society, and can therefore not be isolated from it. If there are elements in the society who have not come to term with racial intolerance, they would employ any opportunity at their disposal to exude it. This case therefore calls more important for consideration of racial discrimination, as a national issue of concern which requires immediate public attention to avoid a recurrence. Besides, the best part of the work would have to done by the affected minority group. Besides, this calls for a reform in the activities of the Police, including how more fair investigations can be carried with full accountability to the populace. This requires ‘restricted openness’ that would be effective in arriving at logical conclusions of prosecuting culprits with the rule of law. The justice system should also be sensitive to issues of racism in its verdict. BIBLIOGRAPHY Police Brutality. Accessed from www. hrw. org/reports98/police Vila, Brian, The Role of Police in American Society: A Documentary History. Communities against Brutality Accessed from www. cuapb. org Woods, Gerald. The Police in Los Angeles: Reform and Professionalization.

Freudian Division Of Mind Applied To Characters Of Lord Of The Flies :: essays research papers

â€Å"Freud described the Ego as being like a rider on a horse (the Id), trying to hold the horse in check. It mediates between the Id and the outside world, in the sense of being aware both of the Id's energies and of what the outside world will allow. The Super Ego is a sort of conscience, the place where injunctions to behave properly, learned or inherited from people like parents, teachers and priests, reside. Freud says the person is the focal point of a struggle between our desires (Id), what is realistic (Ego), and the views of others (Super Ego).† David B. Stevenson of Brown University is responsible for this quote that gives a simplistic idea of the Freudian Division of the Human Mind. The description is fairly self-explanatory, but a better understanding of the three concepts can be made by thinking of Satan as the Id, Jesus as the Super Ego, and humans as the ego, caught between the two forces. In William Golding’s novel, Lord of the Flies, these Freudian co ncepts can be applied to the characters of Jack, Piggy, Simon, and Ralph. Jack fits into the concept of the Id overpowering the Ego and Super Ego, as is seen in his violent urges and carrying out of killing things and the negative steps he takes in getting there. Piggy and Simon fit into the concept of the Super Ego, in the sense that Piggy is logical and proper in his actions, and Simon cares about other people and is empathetic and good-willed in his ways. Ralph fits into the concept of the Ego, as he is caught between the Super Ego (Piggy and Simon) and the Id (Jack). Ralph knows what is right and what is wrong, but at times he can be mean or not feel sorry for people. An in-depth analysis of how each character exemplifies each Freudian division is well deserved. To begin with, the Id is what provides the most primal urges and instinctual drives that want to fulfill desires, even if those desires are not allowed or are looked down upon by society. Jack well embodies the Id, as his main goal on the island is to â€Å"Kill the pig! Cut her throat! Bash her in† (page 75)! This is obviously very violent and primal, not too useful, and is meant as a source of joy or pleasure.

The Effect of Indoor Environmental Quality of a Green Building

THE EFFECT OF INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY OF A GREEN BUILDING TOWARDS ITS USER'S/OCCUPANT ‘S LEVEL OF COMFORT LITERATURE REVIEW Green edifices need an attack including consideration towards wellness and well-being of the residents in every facets of the build undertakings, non merely for the single flat unit but for the full edifice, based on a wider context about the environment and the community about. This affair can be a immense attack which need an incorporate thought for the designers, interior decorators, developers and authorities who is responsible in the community planning ( Plass N 2007 ) . Even though we are still in early phase, constructing a sustainable edifice presents is an set up construct with increasing rate of demand in most states where it is supported by authorities in Europe, America, China, Hong Kong, Japan, and Korea. These authorities have been promoted by their several Green Building Councils. In a rate where ages is threatened by the clime presents, there is an increasing demand for energy and resource efficient edifice, but there is besides a demand to construct a healthy and com fy places that is non affected by undue emanations of harmful substances ( Yu CWF 2010 ) , blaze ( PR 2010 ) or deficient lighting ( Lim HS 2010 ) , noise ( Han MH 2010 ) , hot and cold clime ( Daghigh R 2009 ) , where residents can really experience safe, can interact with each other freely and can construct hope for our hereafter. For commercial edifices, there are studies of grounds about the environmentally certified edifices are raising in the facets of personal control, twenty-four hours lighting, thermic comfort, air quality and noise decrease which can increase the productiveness of persons in order for them to make work or concern operation ( Lee YS 2010 ) . Meanwhile this current research is besides about the reappraisal of environmental appraisal strategies based on IEQ issues where it can give a immense impact on the satisfaction degree of residents. ( Browning W 1995 ) have made a study on the multiple pre-post observational surveies which examined the consequence on energy efficient designs on the productiveness of the workers. one of their survey is affecting an energy efficient retrofit to the Main Post Office in Reno, Nevada. A new ceiling was fitted inside the edifice for an betterment of light, temperature, and noise within the scope of mail sorting room. Productivity eventually been reported to hold the consequences in increased of 6-8 % after the retrofit installed. Similar to other single-group pre station survey of this sort, nevertheless, one ‘s demands to be more careful when saying other grounds for the ascertained addition. They besides argue about the issue of coinciding program to better productiveness in clip of the retrofit which they stated that there are none and the productiveness was ever measured. Unfortunately, the graph that they presented merely demo the elevation of the productiveness followed by retrofit. If productiveness was measured as a normal operation, it would be a sourceful information to demo the productiveness informations during the pre-retrofit period. They stated that productiveness that been acquired in Reno Office are higher comparison to other sorters in western part of United States. However, the information for this other offices are non presented. Therefore, the groundss that proves the relationship between energy efficient design and the productiveness in this survey was non strong. Furthermore, the retrofit besides mentioned about lighting, temperature and sound. So, it can be clearly said that there is non possible for imputing the study in the betterment of productiveness from the peculiar alteration, merely retrofit in general. About the same, the 2nd illustration cited by ( Browning W 1995 ) is about the Nederlandshe Middenstandbank. It involved a batch of alteration to the new building- one of it could non be claimed as unique between green edifices, whether the S-curve land program which have gardens, courtyards, eating houses and meeting suites. Along with that it is besides non possible to impute the study that stated 15 % decrease in absenteeism of green characteristics in the new edifice where the characteristics include are twenty-four hours lighting, and natural airing through operable Windowss. The 3rd illustration by ( Browning W 1995 ) was a Walmart Store which had installed fanlights at about the scope of one half of the shop. It was reported that the gross revenues ( per square pes ) was higher than other section which situated in day-lit half. However, the consequences can be given other grounds on why this state of affairs go on between the two groups of section. ( J 2000 ) had done a reviewed literature on the subject of green edifices and the resident ‘s productiveness. One of the survey that he cited is research from ( Browning W 1995 ) . Another one is from ( A 1999 ) where he concluded that comfort and productiveness that can be seen is higher in a edifice where residents have control over ambient status and where the edifice provide both natural and air conditioning. All of this research really have the same decision. ( Menzies D 1997 ) concluded that the productiveness was increased by 11 % ( if comparison with controlled groups ) for the workers that have been given full control over the entire and way of the air flow in their work infinite. ( Brager GS 1998 ) reported that there is a relationship between personal control in environmental conditions, particularly temperature and airing, and work public presentation. However, ( Brager GS 1998 ) besides noted about the research from ( Preller L 1990 ) which shows absenteeism that were related with Sick Building Syndrome ( SBS ) should be 34 % lower if the employees were giving full control over the temperature and airing. This state of affairs had produce a nexus between green edifice and productiveness which become the go-between for air quality and SBS beside comfort. From this, guided by the relationship between green edifice and IEQ ( for illustration comfort ) , it can be said that the existing cogent evidence is really weak and if there is a nexus, it is said that it was attributed to personal control on the ambient conditions. This sort of affair should be given an attending to look into whether or non soothe relates to satisfaction. In a reappraisal of environmental psychological science, ( Sundstrom E 1996 ) had underline twosome of theories which guided the research on dealing between human and physical environment subjects including the workplace. In these theories are arousal, environmental burden, emphasis and version, privateness ordinance, transactional attack, and ecological psychological science and behaviour puting theories. Hypothesis for rousing is to foretell the optimal satisfaction and public presentation while under the status of moderate rousing. This had given an sentiment on how temperature, sound and lighting can act upon the satisfaction degree and public presentation through psychosocial rousing. On overload hypothesis, people is considered holding a limited capacity to treat stimulations and information and predicted that we confront them with an overload, for illustration noise overload, where we choose in advancement for incoming information and disregarding the low-priority inputs. The research in environmental emphasis and version had recognized the relationships between temperature and sound with physiological and psychological emphasis ( for illustration chronic unwellness, and psychological impairement ) and confronting adaptative behaviours to cut down the effects/ emphasis. ( Sundstrom E 1996 ) stated empirical find in general is consistent with this hypothesis. ( Vilnai-Yavetz I 2005 ) proposed that office interior decorators should denounce the three separate rule which is the instrumentality, aesthetics and symbolism. Instrumentality is about the phase where physical property of an office supported their needful activities. Aestheticss refer to the beauty of the office. The survey besides province about the research that discover ‘beautiful ‘ suites ( as opposed to ‘ugly ‘ suites ) have a important difference on consequence to the perceptual experiences and emotions non numbering for short/long term. The 3rd rule is symbolism, which refer to the relationships that created by a infinite. the author found difference statistically between these two rules, that is instrumentality and aesthetics and occupation satisfaction and public presentation. Large part of all of the undertakings that residents in offices been through demands mental labor comparison to physical labor, where it relates with the office environment that should be more related to comfort. Furthermore, decline of interior environment will cut down the degree of capacity of the residents, where it will do the reduction of productiveness and increasing the emphasis degree. So, maintaining a better office is really important. ( Brasche S 2001 ) . As the sum-up, beside of all these groundss are still blur, there are a few of character that can be categorized as alone, or at least more common towards green constructing that have been linked to the quality of the indoor environment. Besides that, there are groundss which can associate comfort with characteristics that grant personal control towards temperature and airing. Furthermore, there are cogent evidence on how comfort is associating to workplace satisfaction. The purpose of this survey is to prove a statement, ( 1 ) green constructing create more comfy infinite ( 2 ) better comfort will steer to a higher overall satisfaction. This statement will be trial with methods of understanding the IEQ i a green edifice and how it act upon the comfort and satisfaction perceptual experience of the residents. Green edifice in this research is a edifice that situated in the locality of a metropolis in Malaysia, where Malaysia is celebrated for typical tropical clime. The variable of th e clime in Malaysia is non based on the temperature or air force per unit area but rainfall. In general, the clime in Malaysia can be describe where its coastal field temperature averaging 28 °C. With this type of clime, it will be a alone chance for this type of survey to see the mode of the IEQ of green edifices in Malaysia react to their resident ‘s degree of comfort. A, L. ( 1999 ) . UK survey links productiveness to airing systems. HPAC Magazine. 71. Brager GS, d. D. R. ( 1998 ) . â€Å" Thermal version in the reinforced environment: a literature reappraisal. † Energy and Buildings 27: 83-96. Brasche S, B. M. , Bronisch M, Bischof W ( 2001 ) . â€Å" Eye and tegument symptoms in German office workers. † Int J Hyg Environ Health 203: 311-316. Browning W, R. J. ( 1995 ) . Greening the bottom line: increasing productiveness through energy efficient design. In: Second international green edifices conference and expounding. Gaithersburg, MD, National Institute of Standards and Technology. Daghigh R, A. N. , Sahari BB ( 2009 ) . â€Å" Ventilation parametric quantities and thermic comfort of of course and automatically ventilated offices. † Indoor Built Environ 18 ( 2 ) : 113-122. Han MH, J. M. , Oh YK ( 2010 ) . â€Å" Residential and acoustic environments perceived by occupants of regional metropoliss in Korea: a instance survey of Mokpo metropolis. † Indoor Built Environ 19 ( 1 ) : 102-113. J, H. ( 2000 ) . â€Å" Green edifices, organisational success and occupant productiveness. † Building Research & A ; Information 28 ( 5/6 ) : 353–367. Lee YS, G. D. ( 2010 ) . â€Å" Indoor environmental quality differences between office types in LEED-certified edifices in the US. † Building Environ 45 ( 5 ) : 1104-1112. Lim HS, K. G. ( 2010 ) . â€Å" Predicted public presentation of shadowing devices for healthy ocular environment. † Indoor Built Environ 19 ( 4 ) : 486-496. Menzies D, P. J. , Nunes F, Leduc J, Chan C-H ( 1997 ) . â€Å" Effect of new airing system on wellness and wellbeing of office workers. † Archives of Environmental wellness 52 ( 5 ) : 360-368. Plass N, K. I. ( 2007 ) . â€Å" Strategic and practical deductions in determination devising and planning for sustainability. † Indoor Built Environ 18 ( 3 ) : 204-215. PR, B. ( 2010 ) . â€Å" The impact of visible radiation in edifices on human wellness. † Indoor Built Environ 19 ( 1 ) : 8-20. Preller L, Z. T. , Brunekreef B, Bolej JSM ( 1990 ) . Sick leave due to work related wellness ailments among office workers in the Netherlands. Indoor Air ’90, Toronto. Sundstrom E, B. P. , Busby PL, Asmus C ( 1996 ) . â€Å" Environmental psychological science 1989–1994. † Annual Reviews in Psychology 47: 485-512. Vilnai-Yavetz I, R. A. , Yaacov CS ( 2005 ) . â€Å" Instrumentality, aesthetics, and symbolism of office design. † Environment and Behaviour 37 ( 4 ) : 533-551. Yu CWF, K. J. ( 2010 ) . â€Å" Building pathology, probe of ill buildings– VOC emanations. † Indoor Built Environ 19 ( 1 ) : 30-39.

Women in Space - Female Astronauts and Cosmonauts

1959 - Jerrie Cobb selected for testing for the Mercury astronaut training program. 1962 - Though Jerrie Cobb and 12 other women (the Mercury 13) passed astronaut admission tests, NASA decides not to select any women. Congressional hearings include testimony by Cobb and others, including Senator Philip Hart, husband of one of the Mercury 13. 1962 - The Soviet Union recruited five women to become cosmonauts. 1963 - June - Valentina Tereshkova, cosmonaut from the USSR, becomes the first woman in space. She flew Vostok 6, orbiting the earth 48 times, and was in space nearly three day. 1978 - Six women chosen as astronaut candidates by NASA: Rhea Seddon, Kathryn Sullivan, Judith Resnik, Sally Ride, Anna Fisher and Shannon Lucid.   Lucid, already a mother, is questioned about the effect of her work on her children. 1982 -  Svetlana Savitskaya,  USSR  cosmonaut, becomes the second woman in space, flying aboard the Soyuz T-7. 1983 - June - Sally Ride, American astronaut, becomes the first American woman in space, the third woman in space. She was a member of the crew on STS-7, space shuttle  Challenger. 1984 - July - Svetlana Savitskaya, USSR cosmonaut, becomes first woman to walk in space and the first woman to fly in space two times. 1984 - August - Judith Resnik becomes the first Jewish American in space. 1984 - October - Kathryn Sullivan, American astronaut, becomes first American woman to walk in space. 1984 - August - Anna Fisher becomes the first person to retrieve a malfunctioning satellite, using the orbiter remote manipulator arm. She was also the first human mother to travel in space. 1985 - October - Bonnie J. Dunbar made her first of five flights on a space shuttle. She flew again in 1990, 1992, 1995 and 1998. 1985 - November - Mary L. Cleave made her first flight of two into space (the other was in 1989). 1986 - January - Judith Resnik and Christa McAuliffe were the women among the crew of seven to die on the space shuttle Challenger when it exploded.   Christa McAuliffe, a schoolteacher, was the first non-government civilian to fly on the space shuttle. 1989: October - Ellen S. Baker flew on STS-34, her first flight. She also flew on STS-50 in 1992 and STS-71 in 1995. 1990 - January - Marsha Ivins makes her first of five space shuttle flights. 1991 - April - Linda M. Godwin makes her first of four flights on the space shuttle. 1991 - May - Helen Sharman became the first British citizen to walk in space and the second woman aboard a space station (Mir). 1991 - June - Tamara Jernigan makes her first of five flights in space.   Millie Hughes-Fulford becomes the first female payload specialist. 1992 - January - Roberta Bondar becomes the first Canadian woman in space, flying on U.S. space shuttle mission STS-42. 1992 - May - Kathryn Thornton, the second woman to walk in space, was also the first woman to make multiple walks in space (May 1992, and twice in 1993). 1992 - June/July - Bonnie Dunbar and Ellen Baker are among the first American crew to dock with the Russian space station. 1992 - September STS-47 - Mae Jemison becomes first African American woman in space.   Jan Davis, on her first flight, with her husband, Mark Lee, become the first married couple to flly in space together. 1993 - January  - Susan J. Helms flew on the first of her five space shuttle missions. 1993 - April - Ellen Ochoa becomes first Hispanic American woman in space. She flew three more missions. 1993 - June - Janice E. Voss flew her first of five missions.   Nancy J. Currie flew her first of four missions. 1994 - July - Chiaki Mukai becomes the first Japanese woman in space, on U.S. space shuttle mission STS-65. She flew again in 1998 on STS-95. 1994 - October - Yelena Kondakova flew her first of two missions to the Mir Space Station. 1995 - February - Eileen Collins becomes the  first woman to pilot a space shuttle. She flew three more missions, in 1997, 1999 and 2005. 1995 - March - Wendy Lawrence  flew the first of four missions on the space shuttle. 1995  - July - Mary Weber flew the first of two space shuttle missions. 1995  - October - Cahterine Coleman flew her first of three missions, two on the U.S. space shuttle and, in 2010, one on Soyuz. 1996 - March - Linda M. Godwin becomes the fourth woman to walk in space, making another walk later in 2001. 1996 - August - Claudie Haignerà © Claudie Haignerà ©the first French woman in space. She flew two missions on Soyuz, the second in 2001. 1996 - September - Shannon Lucid returns from her six months on Mir, the Russian space station, with a record for the time in space for women and for Americans -- she is also the first woman to be awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor. She was the first American woman to fly on a space station. She was the first woman to make three, four and five space flights. 1997 - April - Susan Still Kilrain became the second female shuttle pilot.   She also flew in July 1997. 1997 - May -  Yelena Kondakova becomes  the first Russian woman to travel on the U.S. space shuttle. 1997 - November - Kalpana Chawla becomes the first Indian American woman in space. 1998 - April - Kathryn P. Hire flew her first of two missions. 1998 - May - Nearly 2/3 of the flight control team for STS-95 were women, including the launch commentator, Lisa Malone, the ascent commentator, Eileen Hawley, the flight directory, Linda Harm, and the communicator between crew and mission control, Susan Still. 1998 - December - Nancy Currie completes the first task in assembling the International Space Station. 1999 - May - Tamara Jernigan, on her fifth space flight, becomes the fifth woman to walk in space. 1999 - July - Eileen Collins becomes the first woman to command a space shuttle. 2001 - March - Susan J. Helms becomes the sixth woman to walk in space. 2003 - January - Kalpana Chawla and Laurel B. Clark die among the crew in the Columbia disaster aboard STS-107.   It was Clarks first mission. 2006 - September - Anousheh Ansara, on board for a Soyuz mission, becomes the first Iranian in space and the first female space tourist. 2007 - When Tracy Caldwell Dyson flies her first US space shuttle mission in August, she becomes the first astronaut in space who was born after the Apollo 11 flight.   She flew in 2010 on the Soyuz, becoming the 11th woman to walk in space. 2008 - Yi So-yeon becomes the first Korean in space. 2012 - Chinas first female astronaut, Liu Yang, flies in space.   Wang Yaping becomes the second the following year. 2014 - Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in space, carried an Olympic flag in the Winter Olympics. 2014  -   Yelena Serova becomes the first woman cosmonaut to visit the International Space Station. Samantha Cristoforetti becomes the first Italian woman in space and the first Italian woman on the International Space Station. This timeline  © Jone Johnson Lewis.